Acronym & Terminology
ACRONYM
ASP = Aspect ratio.
chr = Character (one of the basic data types in R. Others : integer, complex, logical, and double)
CRS = Coordinate Reference Systems
EDA = Exploratory Data Analysis
dbl = Double (one of the basic data types in R. Others : integer, complex, logical, and character)
DBF = Dbase Database File
DSN = Data Source Name
EDA = Exploratory Data Analysis
ESDA = Exploratory Spatial Data Analysis
EPSG = European Petroleum Survey Group
GEOREF = World Geographic Reference system
GIS = Geographic Information System
GLSA = Global and Local Measure of Spatial Autocorrelation
GSA = Global Spatial Autocorrelation
GWR = Geographically Weighted Regression
IDW = Inverse Distance Weighting
JOG = Joint Operations Graphic maps
knn = k nearest neighbours
LGA = Local Government Areas
LISA = Local Indicator of Spatial Association
MGRS = Military Grid Reference System
nb = neighbourhood object
ONC = Operational Navigation Chart
PN = Personal Notes :)
pch = point shapes
PRJ = Projection Definition File
qtm = Quick Thematic Map plot
SFC = Simple Feature Columns
SFG = Simple Feature Geometries
SPCS = U.S. State Plane Coordinate System zone
SRIDs = Spatial Reference System Identifiers
USGS = U.S. Geological Survey
UTM = Universal Transverse Mercator (grids / projection / zone boundaries)
VIF = Variance Inflation Factors
WKT = Well Known Text
TERMINOLOGY
A
- Autocorrelation = also known as serial correlation in the discrete time case. The analysis of autocorrelation is a mathematical tool for finding repeating patterns, such as the presence of a periodic signal obscured by noise, or identifying the missing fundamental frequency in a signal implied by its harmonic frequencies.
C
Cardinal directions = Cardinal directions are the main directions of the compass.
intercardinal directions, or ordinal directions, are the four points in between the cardinal directions.
Secondary intercardinal directions : north-northeast (NNE), east-northeast (ENE), east-southeast (ESE), etc.
Cartography = Cartographic (adj). relating to the science or practice of drawing maps.
Contiguity = the topological concept that allows the vector data model to determine adjacency. Polygon topology defines contiguity. Polygons are contiguous to each other if they share a common arc.
>> contiguous = land adjoining or touching by a common corner or a common boundary line.
D
Datum (geodesy) = a reference from which spatial measurements are made. In surveying and geodesy, a datum is a set of reference points on the earth’s surface against which position measurements are made, and (often) an associated model of the shape of the earth (reference ellipsoid) to define a geographic coordinate system.
Delimited = Delimited data is a common format that separates values in each row with specific delimiter characters. Often use commas as the field delimiter to separate data from different columns. However, delimited files can also separate, or delimit, columns with other characters including pipes, colons, semicolons, slashes, and more.
E
Enumerated data = enumerated type (also called enumeration, enum, or factor in the R programming language, and a categorical variable in statistics) is a data type consisting of a set of named values called elements, members, enumeral, or enumerators of the type.
The enumerator names are usually identifiers that behave as constants in the language.
An enumerated type can be seen as a degenerate tagged union of unit type.
A variable that has been declared as having an enumerated type can be assigned any of the enumerators as a value.
e.g.
>> the four suits in a deck of cards may be four enumerators named Club, Diamond, Heart, and Spade, belonging to an enumerated type named suit.
>> If a variable V is declared having suit as its data type, one can assign any of those four values to it.
G
Graduated colour = colour symbology is used to show a quantitative difference between mapped features by varying the color of symbols.
Data is classified into ranges that are each assigned a different color from a color scheme to represent the range.
e.g. if a classification scheme has 5 classes, 5 different symbol colors are assigned.
>> The size of the symbols stays the same. Maps that vary in color this way are usually called choropleth maps.
>> choose a continuous color scheme to apply different shades of the same color : lighter shades match lower data values & darker shades match higher data values.
Graticules = are a network of lines on a map that delineate the geographic coordinates (degrees of latitude and longitude).
Graticules can be used to measure distances, while the grid can be used to measure the number of items within a particular area.
Graticules also helps to indicate cardinal directions and place locations having knowing coordinates.
H
Hedonic Pricing = identifies the internal and external factors and characteristics that affect an item’s price in the market.
Hedonic pricing is most often seen in the housing market, since real estate prices are determined by the characteristics of the property itself as well as the neighborhood or environment within which it exists.
Hedonic pricing captures a consumer’s willingness to pay for what they perceive are environmental differences that add or detract from the intrinsic value of an asset or property.
P
- Proximity Matrix = measures of similarity or dissimilarity. This is the initial step before the combination clustering for Agglomerative clustering method.
S
Shapefile = a format created by ESRI that consists of multiple different parts for vector data. Shapefiles are usually composed of 3-4 mandatory files : .shp, .shx, .dbf and / or .prj.
Spatial Autocorrelation = Describe the presence of systematic spatial variation in a variable.
Spatial Dependency = is measured as the existence of statistical dependence in a collection of random variables, each of which is associated with a different geographical location.
Spatial Heterogeneity = overall parameters estimated for the entire system may not adequately describe the process at any given location.